The truck "Hansa-Lloyd" in the twenties of the last century ran on lead batteries
The truck "Hansa-Lloyd" in the twenties of the last century ran on lead batteries. The truck "Hansa-Lloyd" in the twenties of the last century ran on lead batteries.
Do you know how much energy a modern B-class car needs to run 100 km? It turns out that not so much - about 18 kWh. If you take this energy from the outlet, the gas station will cost (at Moscow tariffs in 2011) 68 rubles in the afternoon or 17 at night. Well, gasoline per hundred will need about 7 liters, that is, two hundred rubles. It turns out a huge gain - three times, or even all twelve! In Europe - even more. The game is clearly worth the candle, but …
NO SILENCE
The solution to the problem in the forehead is to collect ordinary lead-acid batteries, but more. Here, let's say, a standard battery of 60 A.h - how much energy is there in it? With a very rough calculation, you can simply multiply this capacity by 12 V, we get 0.72 kWh. For 100 km, therefore, it is required to put 25 such batteries in the car, 4000 rubles and 16 kg each. Multiply, we get 100 000 re and 400 kg of excess weight. Because of these four centners, our car, by the way, will not run through the planned 100 km anyway.
Another ambush: operating in a deep discharge cyclic mode, lead batteries are not very durable. If you manage to run into 50, 000 km, all the batteries will have to be changed (and not the best and most expensive ones, it may happen after 5, 000 km!). And the closer the “hour X”, the shorter the mileage will become after each charge.
Having opened the hood of the Nissan-Cube EV, I want to put aside the wrenches and go for a tester or oscilloscope
Having opened the hood of the Nissan-Cube EV, I want to put aside the wrenches and go for a tester or oscilloscope. Having opened the hood of the Nissan-Cube EV, I want to put aside the wrenches and go for a tester or oscilloscope.
DISCOVER THE PHONE, DISASSEMBLE A WRENCH
The batteries are much more advanced there! Yes, and light - compare the density of lead and lithium. In each lithium-ion kilogram, as much as 0.13 kWh can be accumulated, while in lead - only 0.03 kWh. Again, take up the calculator. So, for a 100 km run we have enough batteries weighing only 138 kg and the price …
And here everything is simple: today a kilowatt-hour from a lithium-ion battery costs at least 700 euros, but rather the whole thousand. We get 12 600 euros for a hundred miles. It’s better not to translate into rubles, at any rate you get an extraordinary amount. True, durability is quite decent: five to ten years is enough.
It is bad that such a battery is very afraid of frost and overheating. In the first case, just no luck, in the second - it will explode!
Remains of an exploded laptop battery with a capacity of 5000 mAh
Remains of an exploded laptop battery with a capacity of 5000 mA · h Remains of an exploded battery of a laptop with a capacity of 5000 mAh
We'll have to add a temperature control system, which is also not cheap and even spends energy in vain. Nickel-metal hydride batteries are often used in power tools. In terms of specific energy intensity, they stand between lead and lithium-ion, accumulating about 0.08 kWh in a kilogram of mass. With durability is also good: it should be enough for 100 000-250 000 km of run. The price is worse: every kilowatt hour will cost about 400 euros. In the cold, they also do not work, you need to warm up.
Sorry, do you have other batteries?
Yes, the assortment of battery electrochemical systems is not limited to the listed types. For example, apologists for the so-called zinc-air batteries promise to soon reach a specific energy density three times higher than that of lithium-ion batteries. That's just until after hundreds of charge-discharge cycles they have to be thrown away.
ZEBRA sodium-nickel chloride batteries and NGK Insulators sodium-sulfur batteries require high temperatures for operation - from 100 to 300 ° C. Not very cool for a car. There are no other real candidates for a vacant gas tank seat yet.
BUT HER THIS CHEMISTRY
The nature of temperature problems in batteries is explained by the fact that the processes of energy storage and release in them are always associated with chemical reactions, which are highly dependent on temperature. But today there are other, purely physical drives - supercapacitors. If you choose high-voltage (400 V) samples, for a 100 km run you will need a capacity of about 1000 F. How much is this in kilograms? The specific energy density in supercapacitors is about 0.005–0.01 kWh / kg, that is, a box weighing about a couple of tons will be required per 100 km. Where to shove it?
The relationship of the given specific power and specific energy consumption of different types of batteries:
The relationship of the given specific power and specific energy consumption of different types of batteries
WHAT ELSE BREACHES A BAD DANCER?
All batteries also have some features that further complicate their use in an electric vehicle. For example, the dependence of the specific power output on the specific energy density. This can be clearly seen in the graph above, and on the fingers we explain this: the more energy-intensive the battery can be made, the less power it can give. This is a direct illustration of the proverb “Slow down, you will continue.”
It is because of this dependence that electric cars are more often obtained by electric cars: the latter do not need hundreds of kilowatts for a reasonably quick, dynamic ride. The funny thing is that this harmful bond is weakest in ancient lead batteries, and most strongly in new-fangled lithium-ion ones …
Another catch is that the faster we try to charge the battery, the sooner it will “end”. And although relatively fast charging stations already exist (they need thirty minutes), it’s better to suffer eight hours. But this is far from always possible, and it is unlikely to add enthusiasm to the supporters of electromobilization.
You can, of course, make the batteries easily removable and change them at each EZS. Such a principle, by the way, has been known for a very long time: remember riding a messenger. But it doesn’t suit everyone: it’s one thing the royal d'Artagnan served and quite another - Baron Danglard, who bought the best horses in Paris for fabulous money to ride them!
In the Nissan Lif electric car, the battery pack and power electronics were placed in the safest place: under the floor, between the axles
In the Nissan Lif electric car, the battery pack and power electronics were placed in the safest place: under the floor, between the axles. In the Nissan Lif electric car, the battery pack and power electronics were placed in the safest place: under the floor, between the axles.
Finally, the problem of climate control in an electric car. Unfortunately, both air conditioning and stove consume quite a lot. Once in traffic, it’s easy to reach an empty battery without having to drive halfway to the office with a power outlet. So far, the solution is found in autonomous heaters operating on ethanol, but this vulgarizes the original idea: again, a tank is needed. And if he still is, maybe, well, his electricity!
And if the muffin?
Lithium-ion batteries still explode regularly. So far, the matter is limited to small batteries in mobile phones and laptops, and nevertheless, a dozen cases of human death from an exploded phone have been recorded in the world. It is enough to put it in the left breast pocket - and you are not safe from anything.
For example, in 2007, a 22-year-old welder was killed in China. The fragments of his phone (as they say, with a fake battery) tore his chest, broke his rib and dug into the heart. A California resident received second and third degree burns after a mobile phone jerked in his pants pocket. A fire in a Moscow apartment from a fire in the telephone battery was also recorded.
The consequences of the explosion of a security mobile device, recklessly left to recharge in a California garage
The consequences of the explosion of a security mobile device, recklessly left to recharge in a California garage. The consequences of the explosion of a security mobile device, recklessly left to recharge in a California garage.
If such a destructive force is hidden in a tiny telephone battery, one can imagine the scale of the explosion of a traction car battery. That is why they are all equipped with a complex temperature control system that instantly stops the charge (or discharge) in case of danger of overheating.
LEARN STUDENT
To transport lead batteries, as we have seen, is not a good idea, but it will work for university students in Rio de Janeiro, professor Luis Perez decided and issued a technical task to turn an old rear-engine Volkswagen T1 Transporter into an electric car.
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Students took an industrial three-phase 220 V motor developing 22 kW and 81 N · m of torque, students quickly figured out that they needed to connect in series 20 traction 12-volt batteries with a capacity of 47 Ah each, add an inverter, a control unit and …
And it turned out something noiselessly riding, with an engine sticking out in the back in a box and a cabin full of batteries.
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