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The History Of Domestic Front-wheel Drive: Traction Vector

2024

Video: The History Of Domestic Front-wheel Drive: Traction Vector

Video: The History Of Domestic Front-wheel Drive: Traction Vector
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The History Of Domestic Front-wheel Drive: Traction Vector
The History Of Domestic Front-wheel Drive: Traction Vector
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НАМИ-0107, скроенный с использованием итальянской «Аутобьянки-Примула» - первый советский переднеприводный автомобиль (1966 г.)
НАМИ-0107, скроенный с использованием итальянской «Аутобьянки-Примула» - первый советский переднеприводный автомобиль (1966 г.)

NAMI-0107, tailored using the Italian "Autobianca Primula" - the first Soviet front-wheel drive car (1966) NAMI-0107, tailored using the Italian "Autobianchi-Primula" - the first Soviet front-wheel drive car (1966)

The fate of our car industry would probably have turned out differently, if the industry leadership had been able to make out in time the prospects for front-wheel drive cars. “If you want to work in the automobile industry, forget about front-wheel drive!” - in a fatherly way, almost maliciously, the USSR Minister of Automotive Industry instructed Vladimir Andreevich Mironov, one of the few Soviet engineers who were fascinated by this idea in the mid-1960s. Then in the capital, we have already experimented with an unusual layout.

Переднеприводный «Запорожец» - НАМИ-0132 с модернизированным 36-сильным мотором, пружинными подвесками, дисковыми тормозами спереди (1967 г.)
Переднеприводный «Запорожец» - НАМИ-0132 с модернизированным 36-сильным мотором, пружинными подвесками, дисковыми тормозами спереди (1967 г.)

Front-wheel drive "Zaporozhets" - NAMI-0132 with a modernized 36-horsepower engine, spring suspensions, disc brakes at the front (1967) Front-wheel drive "Zaporozhets" - NAMI-0132 with a modernized 36-horsepower engine, spring suspensions, disk brakes at the front (1967 g.)

The famous Soviet designer and popularizer of the car Yuri Aronovich Dolmatovsky, even in the 1970s, was skeptical of front-wheel drive, although back in 1936 with A. I. Peltzer, later known as the designer of record cars "Star", and B. N. Popov designed the machine RAP (the first letters of surnames). Front-wheel drive car with a motor from a motorcycle PMZ-A750 with a capacity of 15 hp planned to produce in Podolsk, but the matter did not go beyond the project. But the sediment from Yuri Aronovich remained, apparently, unpleasant.

ВАЗ-Э1101 по прозвищу «Чебурашка» оснастили экспериментальным мотором - 0, 9 л, 50 л.с. (1972 г.)
ВАЗ-Э1101 по прозвищу «Чебурашка» оснастили экспериментальным мотором - 0, 9 л, 50 л.с. (1972 г.)

VAZ-E1101, nicknamed "Cheburashka" equipped with an experimental engine - 0.9 l, 50 hp (1972). VAZ-E1101, nicknamed "Cheburashka" equipped with an experimental engine - 0.9 l, 50 hp (1972).

In those years, there were very few front-wheel drive cars in the world, and, choosing a model for production in the USSR after the war, the German DKV was considered as an option. But they considered it unsuitable for the harsh conditions of a vast, impassable country. The main disadvantages were called poor traction on steep climbs, the complexity of the design, especially wheel drives.

У ИЖ-13 задняя подвеска была торсионной, мотор - слегка модернизированный «Москвич-412». На испытаниях автомобиль достиг 100 км/ч за 19 с (1972 г.)
У ИЖ-13 задняя подвеска была торсионной, мотор - слегка модернизированный «Москвич-412». На испытаниях автомобиль достиг 100 км/ч за 19 с (1972 г.)

The IL-13 rear suspension was torsion, the engine was slightly modernized Moskvich-412. In tests, the car reached 100 km / h in 19 s (1972). The IL-13 rear suspension was torsion, the engine was slightly modernized Moskvich-412. In tests, the car reached 100 km / h in 19 s (1972).

By that time, the automotive world, inspired by the success of the German Beetle, surrendered to the rear-engine layout. In the USSR, it was also considered quite successful for a long time, at least for compact models. The French Citroens and Panaras, especially the Swedish SAAB with front-wheel drive were perceived as exotic, almost a technical curiosity. Interest in front-wheel drive in our country arose only in the early 1960s, when we got a British Mini to study with us. The creation of Alec Issigonis made a huge impression on the engineers. And although one trip to Melitopol killed the “Mini” rubber pendants (the front travel was only 90 mm, the rear - 110 mm), the US engineers started to work.

Прототип «Москвича-2141». Первые смотрины прошли еще в июне 1979-го
Прототип «Москвича-2141». Первые смотрины прошли еще в июне 1979-го

The prototype of Moskvich-2141. The first bridegroom took place in June 1979. The prototype of Moskvich-2141. The first bridegroom took place in June 1979.

And the VAZ reigned in the country! Some considered the choice of FIAT-124 for production in the USSR not the best - the model is already not new. But they said that A. A. Lipgart, at that time the chief engineer of NAMI, was drawn at one of the meetings by the Secretary General of the Central Committee of the CPSU L. I. Brezhnev, recalling the political importance of partnership with Italy.

When the design of FIAT-124 began to be brought to the USSR, we already drove the front-wheel drive Autobianki Primula from the FIAT subsidiary. It was taken as the basis of our first front-wheel drive NAMI-0107. An experimental 52-horsepower engine with a capacity of 1.1 liters was installed on the converted car, which the institute for some reason called “Cornflower”.

НАМИ-СМЗ-1101 - один из предков «Оки». Машину создавали прежде всего для инвалидов (1981 г.)
НАМИ-СМЗ-1101 - один из предков «Оки». Машину создавали прежде всего для инвалидов (1981 г.)

NAMI-SMZ-1101 is one of the ancestors of the Oka. The car was created primarily for the disabled (1981). NAMI-SMZ-1101 is one of the ancestors of the Oka. The car was created primarily for the disabled (1981).

Soon they created NAMI-0132 - outwardly almost ZAZ-966, with its own engine, but with front drive wheels and double-lever suspension. At the factory of experimental designs (ZOK), we made a variant of the Melitopol liquid-cooled motor. This engine at that time was considered the most suitable for front-wheel drive layout.

In the second half of the 1960s, a prototype was also built on the basis of the FIAT-124 body using Peugeot-204 front-wheel drive units. Having decided to prove the viability of the front-wheel drive for cars of all classes, the designers even created NAMI-0173: the Volga GAZ-24 body, the Moskvich-412 motor installed longitudinally, the original gearbox, as unified as possible with the Volgovskaya one. The CV joints remained the main problem (drives with dual cardan drives were rightly considered archaic) - they could not make high-quality ones even at ZOK.

31 декабря 1978 года: плод совместной работы с «Порше» - первый из прототипов ВАЗ-2108
31 декабря 1978 года: плод совместной работы с «Порше» - первый из прототипов ВАЗ-2108

December 31, 1978: the fruit of collaboration with Porsche is the first of the VAZ-2108 prototypes. December 31, 1978: the fruit of collaboration with Porsche is the first of the VAZ-2108 prototypes.

Nevertheless, large plants began to show interest in front-wheel drive. The first compact VAZ-E1101, nicknamed "Cheburashka" (ЗР, 2003, No. 3), was manufactured at the end of 1972, and NAMI-0132 became the starting point for working on front-wheel drive in Zaporozhye. Later, the ways of VAZ and ZAZ converged by the will of the ministry: the forerunner of Tavria was the VAZ-3E1101 Ladoga with the body of designer Igor Galchinsky.

In Izhevsk, their front-wheel drive car was rolled out for testing simultaneously with Togliatti - at the end of 1972. IZH-13 “Start” (it has nothing to do with the 1960s minibus) was made with a hatchback body unusual for the USSR, but unified as much as possible with the serial “Moskvich-412”. In drives of wheels - dual cardan. Director of Izhmash I. F. Beloborodov managed to recruit even his patron, Minister of Defense Industry S. A. Zvereva, but failed to break through the car in the Council of Ministers.

And in US, meanwhile, they set about creating a car of a particularly small class. On the Polish rear-engine FIAT-126P, the power unit was carried forward and the front-wheel drive was built. Then they connected the Serpukhov plant to work - the machine was conceived, primarily for the disabled. Things went faster only in 1983, when a VAZ was connected to work. The first prototype "Oka" with the FIAT-126 engine appeared in 1984.

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