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The Thing Is The Pipe

2024

Video: The Thing Is The Pipe

Video: The Thing Is The Pipe
Video: HOW TO SMOKE A PIPE | Everything You Need to Know to Start Enjoying the Hobby 2024, March
The Thing Is The Pipe
The Thing Is The Pipe
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“The corridors end with a wall, and the tunnels bring to light,” Vladimir Vysotsky sang. And for good reason: once in a long tunnel, a person instinctively tends to the light, that is, to the exit. But if everything is so scary, then why are they needed? It's simple: the road bypassing is sometimes tens of kilometers longer. So the "lazy man" is trying to deceive the river, drill a huge mountain; a tunnel is a big digging, invented by ambitious straightforward people.

Tunnels save us time, energy and fuel, but sometimes they steal lives: to survive in an accident underground, especially if it is associated with a fire, there is little chance.

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BIG DIG, USA.

The most expensive track in the States.

Big Dig is the unofficial name for the central artery of Boston 5.6 km long. They began to discuss its need back in the 70s, when it became clear that the coastline, business center and the road to the airport needed to be combined, creating an analogue of the “mixer” redirecting traffic flows. The basis was the railway connection between the two Boston stations. In 1985, the construction was estimated at $ 2.8 billion. Ronald Reagan imposed a veto on the project. Later, the veto overcame the congress, and by 2006, when a large construction was completed, the costs amounted to as much as $ 14.6 billion. This is the most expensive road in the United States.

Not a single large construction site can do without scandals - Big Dig is literally saturated with them. Dirty money laundering stories, thefts, murders, facts of using low-quality building materials. Massachusetts Attorney General still requires builders to return $ 108 million to taxpayers

In addition, the construction process was becoming more and more complicated. What are the unexpected archaeological finds on the path of the tunnel and the story of millions of rodents forced to seek a new residence due to the destruction of the old underground. Environmentalists were furious.

Big Dig consists of the Ted Williams Tunnel and the Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge. One of the seven engineering wonders of the world.

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TUNNEL UNDER LA MANCH OR CHANNEL TUNNEL, France-United Kingdom.

The second longest railway tunnel in the world and the first underwater. The length of the tunnel is 50.45 km, of which 37.9 km pass under water. The average depth from the bottom surface is 45.7 m, the maximum is 60 m.

The history of the project dates back to 1802 when Albert Matthew Favier, a French engineer, proposed the construction of a tunnel for horse carts. The road was supposed to be lit with oil lamps, and in the middle of the path it was supposed to organize an artificial island so that the horses could breathe fresh air. The cost was estimated at 1 million pounds - at that time crazy money. The hopeless proposals of engineers did not end there, but the project moved from the zero point only in 1984 - the idea was revived by the governments of both countries. Four crossing projects were considered: two options for a railway tunnel, an automobile tunnel, and a bridge. In 1987, they settled on the first option.

For seven years, 13 thousand workers moved towards each other under the control of the English-French company Trans Manche Link, a consortium of 10 construction companies and five banks. On December 1, 1990, a historic moment came - two drivers of tunneling cars met in the middle of the tunnel. For the first time in 8.5 thousand years since the ice age, it became possible to walk from Great Britain to France. On May 6, 1994, French President Francois Mitterrand and Queen of England Elizabeth II inaugurated the tunnel, which cost 10 billion pounds.

It is estimated that an average of 2, 400 tons of land were taken out of the tunnel every hour. And the chalk, which was taken out by 4 million cubic meters, was enough to build a whole peninsula with an area of 0.36 km2, on which an amusement park was located.

The engineering wonder of the world consists of three parallel tunnels: two railway tunnels with a diameter of 7.6 m, and a service one between them. Three types of transportation are possible: a shuttle for transport, a passenger train, and freight transportation. In 2005, the tunnel transported 2, 047, 166 cars, 1, 308, 786 trucks and 77, 267 buses, 8.2 million passengers. The trip takes 20 minutes and for a small passenger car costs from 95 to 210 euros.

This is too expensive, according to Europeans, and the tunnel has been balancing on the brink of bankruptcy for several years.

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CHESAPEAKE BAY BRIDGE-TUNNEL, USA.

Bridge tunnel.

What is it - bridge-tunnel or tunnel-bridge? Rather, it is a bridge tunnel, since the surface part is longer than the underwater part. Length - 37 km. The construction passes through two channels and four islands. The engineering discovery, which spent $ 200 million, is that the bridge across the Chesapeake Bay in Virginia goes underground on one of the artificial islands and goes outside on the other after 5.423 km. Thus, the crossing does not interfere with the movement of sea transport, and on one of the islands a convenient fishing ground, restaurants and gift shops are organized - many locals come to the island just to spend time. The bridge tunnel shortened the route from point A to point B by 152 km and 1.5 hours.

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The traffic on the bridge is organized in four lanes, so far in the tunnel there are two lanes, but expansion is planned. One-way travel costs $ 12, and a separate police department monitors order at the facility.

The road was opened in 1964 and from that moment on it passed about 67 million cars. Every five years on the bridge tunnel, scheduled work is carried out that lasts exactly five years - just before the next inspection.

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CROSS-HARBOR TUNNEL, Hong Kong.

The busiest tunnel in the world.

The length of the first underwater tunnel in Hong Kong is 1800 m. It connects two commercial centers, and therefore, with its opening in 1972, traffic increased so much that it became the busiest in the world.

Directions - paid, for the reception of money before entry 14 terminals are organized.

According to March 2005, 121, 700 cars drove through the Cross-Harbor Tunnel per day. In addition to cars, 45 regular buses pass through the tunnel.

Even two new tunnels did not help unload this road - drivers found their location not very convenient.

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LAERDALSTUNNELEN, Norway.

The longest in the world.

The giant tunnel brought together the cities of Oslo and Bergen, its length is 24.5 km. Opened in 2000. Construction lasted five years. Travel is free.

For especially nervous drivers in the tunnel there are three caves for rest, the arches of which are highlighted with a special soothing light. Motorists can stop on the sidelines and restore peace of mind.

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TOKYO BAY AQUA-LINE, Japan.

The world's longest underwater tunnel for cars.

And this structure is a tunnel bridge. Connects the cities of Kawasaki and Kisarazu. Length - 14 km, of which 9.6 - a tunnel, 4.4 - a bridge.

At the junction, like the American Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel, there is an island with restaurants and shops. The air enters the tunnel through a fancy-looking surface towers, which, in addition to air supply, generate electricity.

The bridge was opened in 1997, having spent $ 11.2 billion and 31 years on the construction of a grand engineering project. The aim of the project was to relieve the center of Tokyo; Thanks to the ferry, the one and a half hour journey was really reduced to just 15 minutes. True, the fare - $ 31 discourages motorists from the desire to use a short road, so most continue to drive through the city center.

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ALTE ELBTUNNEL, Germany.

The most unusual tunnel.

The old tunnel under the Elbe in Hamburg is remarkable for its unusual way of entry: you can get into the tunnel only with a special elevator.

In 1901, when crossing the Elbe became an urgent necessity (the detour took 12 km), I had to choose: either build a bridge or dig a tunnel. Given the high loading of the river by ships, the bridge would have to be raised above 55 meters or made movable, which is very expensive. It turned out to be cheaper to build a tunnel.

Construction began in 1907 and was completed in 1911. Engineers used the then-unique high-pressure air supply technology to prevent water from entering the mine. Today, only 1 meter of soil and a reinforced concrete sarcophagus, built not so long ago, separate water from the tunnel. Previously, the layer of earth was thicker, but the bottom of the Elbe was periodically deepened, and there was a danger that the tunnel … would pop up. After all, it is a hollow pipe, which is lighter than displaced water! Four elevators plunge cars, bicycles and people to a depth of 24 meters. True, not every car will enter: the width of the tunnel is 1.92 m, and the height was initially set by the size of the carriage with the coachman operating the whip.

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