Logo rotaautoservice.com
Category: Automakers

Between A Rock And A Hard Place

2024

Table of contents:

Video: Between A Rock And A Hard Place

Video: Between A Rock And A Hard Place
Video: The Rolling Stones - Rock And A Hard Place - OFFICIAL PROMO 2024, March
Between A Rock And A Hard Place
Between A Rock And A Hard Place
Anonim

SOFT STONES

Image
Image

Forging and casting are the oldest methods of metal processing, but the first is twice as old as the second. Apparently, the forging technology was discovered during the processing of stone, when a copper nugget came across as a workpiece for the ancient master. They began to forge copper about 11 thousand years ago, but the discovery did not find practical application: only small tools and jewelry could be made from small nuggets. The copper age began much later, when hot metallurgy was subjugated to people. It is believed that it originated in the Middle East around the 4th millennium BC, in Europe and China - in the 3rd-2nd millennium, and in Latin America - only at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC The spread of casting technology was facilitated by the development of pottery production: in ceramic forms, in contrast to earth forms, it was possible to obtain relatively accurate products. Casting greatly simplified the process of manufacturing tools, and a copper ax when felling a wood turned out to be three times more effective than a stone one. However, copper was only suitable for processing relatively soft materials, and the reserves of nuggets were quickly depleted. The discovery of bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, gave a new impetus to metallurgy.

BRONZE AGAIN IRON

Image
Image

The new alloy - harder, but just as technologically advanced - revolutionized many fields - from art to military equipment. It was already worth it to build real mines for metal mining - with an extensive network of mines, trolleys and pumping water from adits (by the 1st millennium BC, mankind had such opportunities). The discovery of a much more common iron at first could not shake the position of bronze as a strategic material, and only steel noticeably replaced it, although it did not become a full replacement. Guns, for example, were cast from bronze until the 18th century, until they learned how to make durable cast iron. By the way, a breakthrough in the "cannon" technology of cast iron was accelerated by a well-known decree, according to which the master foundry himself made the first shot from the gun. The number of guns that exploded when fired quickly subsided.

Image
Image

For two thousand years, bronze castings have had another important advantage over steel forged products - standard (even the ancients cast parts in special machines in batches of a hundred pieces). Hand forging could not provide noticeable accuracy of products, and the corresponding machines appeared in Europe only by the XVIII century. Although forging, for example, cores made of iron and lead began already in the 16th century. Standards were then very arbitrary - often the cores were only suitable for "their" cannon.

AMONG ROLLS

Image
Image

Rolling can be considered a shock-free forging option. As a rule, the first rolling mills date back to the end of the 18th century, but back in the 11th century the Westphalian monk Roger tells of a similar device - the “organarium”. However, the narrative also mentions elements related to stamping - hammer blows and turning over parts that are not required during rolling. The oldest image of a rolling mill (1615) belongs to Salomon de Co (see. Fig.). At that time, only soft metals were rolled out between the rollers - gold and silver, copper, brass, organ alloy. After all, iron required, in addition to strong rolls, strong heating.

Image
Image
Image
Image

Initially, iron sheets were made by punching under a hammer. Scrap iron, copper and brass sheets went to the wire. Since the XVI century, shears began to be driven from water wheels, and real hot rolling mills appeared only at the end of the XVII century. England became the center of production - there already from 1742 tin was made, from the 1750s - "boiler iron", and from 1769 - "figured iron", balls, etc. In 1783, John Westwood attached a roll drawing with finished streams to the description of his patent, which allowed not only rolling round products, but also compacting the metal in a cold state.

Recommended:

New

Free Tribe

EQUIPMENTTuningMADE FROM UAZFREE TRIBALEXANDER BUDKIN. PHOTO OF THE AUTHORForeign companies that give personality to cars and their bodies are often called the beautiful word "atelier". At best, their domestic counterparts get a modest “tuning company”. Mea

Read More
Dozen Bavarian

Test drive the flagship BMW sedan with a twelve-cylinder engine

Read More
Editor'S Choice
  • What To Do With Road Boors?
    2024

    Shock, stress, panic. Video hosting of Runet is full of showdowns in which some drivers cannot share the road with others. Fights, stabbing, shooting from traumatic weapons on the road - alas, almost no Russian motorist is safe from this. We conducted our own survey among readers of “Behind the Wheel. Russia” on this subject, and at the same time we asked experts to comment on it

  • Video Capture Cameras Have Become A Means Of Profit
    2024

    Regional authorities have turned the installation of video recording cameras into a feeder for the local budget. They do not affect road safety

  • Unreadable Number Will Lead To A Penalty Parking
    2024

    Duputat Vyacheslav Lysakov offers to send cars with unreadable numbers to the parking lot

  • Statistics: Nothing Stagnation?
    2024

    The annual rating shows that in 2012 the revenue of the 400 largest Russian companies grew by 10.4%. Read more in the article

  • Blondes Will Be Trained To Manage Traction Balance
    2024

    Driving schools go broke with the introduction of new programs. Teaching to professionals is a redundant, imposed service. The corruption price of rights will increase

  • Secrets Of The Master: Patching
    2024

    What can you do on your own, and with what problems is it better to contact specialists? Details in the article

Best reviews for the week
Popular for the day