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Nostalgic Bear

2024

Video: Nostalgic Bear

Video: Nostalgic Bear
Video: Pelephone - Nostalgic (Bear) 2024, March
Nostalgic Bear
Nostalgic Bear
Anonim

EQUIPMENT

CAR INDUSTRY

NOSTALGIC BEAR

Perhaps he could now serve as a symbol of the Yaroslavl Motor Plant.

Leonid Sapozhnikov. Photo by Boris Sarantsev

FIRST ARE CARS

The first thing that caught my eye on the territory was the oncoming KrAZ with a bear figure on the hood. Forty years have passed since the Yaroslavl Automobile Plant turned into YaMZ, transferring the production of cars to the Kremenchug combine. And nostalgia is alive. The drivers of the local KrAZ trucks, having appealed to the foundry workers as they should, stubbornly adorn the Ukrainian truck with their native bear …

The plant has been calculating its automotive biography since 1916. And the diesel-building one - since 1933, when the first capable domestic diesel engine “Koju” was manufactured and tested here (6 cylinders, 87 hp). One can imagine with what trepidation the factory workers escorted an I-5 truck with this engine to the run of Yaroslavl - Tbilisi - Moscow: the name stands for "Koba Dzhugashvili." Fortunately for the creators, I-5 reached the finish line. But even the name did not help to master serial production with the then culture of production.

During the war, YaAZ made tracked tractors for corps artillery. I-12 front-line soldiers with an American powertrain were especially appreciated (four-cylinder two-stroke 110-horsepower GM-4–71 diesel engine and five-speed gearbox). In 1947, the plant began to produce on its basis the power unit YAZ-204. “Under the license,” they recall here today, but one cannot believe it: what kind of license is there in the midst of the Cold War!

The six-cylinder four-stroke YaMZ-236 became the first in-house diesel engine. This basic model of the 130/140 family (where 130 mm is the diameter of the piston and 140 mm is its stroke) went off the assembly line in October 1961 to complete MAZs and KrAZs. Then the eight-cylinder YaMZ-238 and its tractor modification with a turbocharged YaMZ-238NB were added. The boost was still so outlandish that when testing the first turbochargers, the stands, fearing splinters, were lowered underground …

The 130/140 family turned out to be phenomenally tenacious and has grown to 52 models and modifications. It is still the main (and in fact the only) “breadwinner” of the Yaroslavl engine builders.

“We put our engines on 278 products,” Yuri Subbotin, chief designer, told me not without pride. And showed an impressive summary of applications from consumers from the CIS countries.

Among these “products” are tractors and combines, boats and diesel locomotives, excavators, graders and road rollers, compressor stations, diesel generators … But above all, of course, trucks. The largest “client” is the Minsk Automobile Plant. KrAZ went down and lost its former position (it took less than 400 engines in the first quarter), but in recent years UralAZ and ZIL have added to the list of consumers. Both, however, are not from a good life, but because of serious problems.

FAMILY WITHOUT WONDERKAND

Irony of fate: Yaroslavl diesels are judged by the oldest family 130/140, and very often by early models. They are appreciated, especially in the wilderness and outback, for their survivability and maintainability, but they complain of excessive weight, uneconomy, and a low resource. Meanwhile, the veteran family has undergone three major modernizations, and its latest representatives have quite decent performance. So, specific fuel consumption was reduced from the original 175 g / l. with. per hour to 145, and the "waste" of oil - from 2% of fuel consumption to 0.2%. The specific gravity of the engines was 4.5 kg / l. sec., became less than one and a half times.

YaMZ-7511 is a kind of child prodigy in this family. Power is higher than that of all eight-cylinder "relatives" - 420l. with. Compliance with environmental standards Euro-2. The resource has been increased to 800, 000 km due to the cavity cooling of the pistons, nitrided crankshaft, etc. The Minsk Automobile Plant has long had hopes for the “7511”: road trains with a gross weight of about 40 tons are very interested in such an engine. But this year Avtodizel JSC will be able to produce no more than 500 pieces: the torque has increased from 125 to 175 kgf.m, therefore, a new clutch and a new gearbox are needed.

“We made a clutch of a diaphragm type,” says Yuri Subbotin, “a nine-speed gearbox has been designed, but there is no money to prepare production, to buy equipment.”

Negotiations with two Western firms on the creation of a “boxed” joint venture have just begun and are underway. If successful, joint boxes will appear after 2000, on the eve of Euro-3, when the “child prodigy” will turn into a repack …

ON THE BEST OF GIANT

In addition to the long-lived family 130/140, YaMZ has mastered yet another, which would be appropriate to call a “loser family”. Its dimension is 140/140 (in other words, the piston diameter increased by 10 mm, and the stroke has not changed). These eight-cylinder supercharged engines were intended mainly for the powerful K-701 tractors of the Leningrad Kirov Plant. In tractor performance, they had 350 liters. with., in the automobile - up to 425. The motor plant built in the Tutaev district center near Yaroslavl on the Volga coast was oriented towards their production. At the Yaroslavl plant itself, it was decided to produce 12-cylinder models of this family: 650-horsepower for BelAZ mining dump trucks and 800-strong for Minsk missile carriers.

The project at that time (the last “stagnant” decade) was very opportunistic and sonorous. Here you have the Leningrad flagship of the Kazakh steppes, and the giants roaring in the quarries - the favorite heroes of the then victorious newsreel. In the hype, the voices of a few opponents drowned, who argued that it was more advisable to raise power by boosting the engine, rather than increasing its volume.

I doubt that the motors born by gigantomania would withstand competition in the market. But the competition simply didn’t get to: the “flagships of the steppes” were no longer needed, rocket carriers too. BelAZ, according to the Yaroslavl people, would take these engines, but “lay down the Tutaevsky plant”, which lost specialists. Namely, from Tutaev, "Autodiesel" received components for 12-cylinder models of this family.

Only sports victories can be a consolation. KamAZ trucks, which successfully started in 1995-1996. in the marathons “Paris-Beijing”, “Granada-Dakar” and “Paris-Ulan-Bator” were equipped with YaMZ-846 140/140 engines, the power of which was increased to 750 and 830 liters. with. boost in speed and fuel supply. In 1997–1998 in the raids "Paris-Moscow" and "Paris-Granada-Dakar" participated 1050-strong monster based on the 12-cylinder YaMZ-847. And, as the athletes from Naberezhnye Chelny, whom I met in Yaroslavl, asked to emphasize, engines in extreme conditions have never failed.

WHAT'S NEXT?

It's time to talk about two promising families with which the Yaroslavl Motor wants to enter the 21st century. Their dimensions are 130/150 and 102/122.

The idea of the first is dictated by theory. According to modern concepts, for the optimal flow of the working process, the ratio of the stroke of the piston to the diameter should be in the range 1.15–1.20. Engines 130/150 satisfy this condition, while maintaining the traditional size of the piston. In addition, with this dimension, the volume is round - 2 liters per cylinder. And the point here is not the beauty of the numbers, but the fact that they do not cross the upper boundary of their class and do not fall under more stringent requirements - environmental, tax, etc. By the way, the volume of the engines 102/122 is exactly half that.

“The approach to the design of both families is the same,” said the chief designer. - They initially laid down the compliance with Euro-2 and the possibility of modernization under further tightening standards. A new fuel supply system with the use of electronics is introduced, modern cylinder-piston group, rings, etc. The 130/150 family should cover the power range from 200 to 650 liters. with. (in the case of the G8). And if we make a 12-cylinder model, then we will reach 800 forces. We set the task to raise the resource to 1 million kilometers, to reduce specific fuel consumption to 140–141 g / hp. per hour, and specific gravity - up to 2–2.3 kg / hp.

Unfortunately, such a worthy successor to the 130/140 family is unlikely to replace it in the foreseeable future on the assembly line. If you list the problems that they called me at the factory, we will get the cry of Yaroslavna … to blame, the cry of the Yaroslavl motor. One thing is enough: the plant does not have the equipment necessary for the mass production of such engines. The basic six-cylinder YaMZ-650 exists in several instances undergoing bench tests, and what will happen next is covered in darkness …

Well, at least with the 102/122 family there are much fewer problems. Zavolzhsky Motor Plant takes part in its creation. The result of his marketing research can be expressed in two words: "Just come on!". Only ZIL would like 30 thousand of such engines a year for the “Bull-calf”, but Pavlovsky bus 9 thousand, and the same Kurgan. The Gorkovites were also interested - they would have taken the GAZ-3309 for trucks … But we are only talking about the four-cylinder in-line model YaMZ-460. If you develop this family, creating models with the number of cylinders from 1 to 8, the need will be much greater.

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